The
United States was where a short novel by James Hilton was first published as a book, in June 1934. But the
appearance of Goodbye, Mr. Chips in hardcover in the United Kingdom, 80 years
ago this month, seems the more appropriate date to remember.
After
all, it was nearly a year before, in The
British Weekly, that his tale of a reserved but kindly teacher first saw
the light of day, as a special insert; it was the British who could best
understand the atmosphere and characters of its setting, a “public school” (the
UK equivalent of the American private school); and it was the British, with high casualties in trench warfare in WWI, who could best understand Arthur Chipping’s deep
sense of loss as he watched an entire generation of his pupils become cannon
fodder.
Like
most people nowadays, I suspect, my first experience of Goodbye, Mr. Chips was the 1939 film. That adaptation enabled
Robert Donat to steal the Best Actor Oscar from the heavily favored Clark Gable
in Gone With the Wind, and introduced
American audiences to the incandescent Greer Garson, an Anglo-Irish actress who became the leading actress at star-laden MGM over the next decade. I
remember that movie as heartwarming, even sentimental.
I
saw the film so long ago that I recall nothing of how it depicted WWI—if,
indeed, it pictured the war at all. But, while channel-surfing in the late
1980s, I came across a scene from a PBS mini-series adaptation starring Roy Marsden, in which the shy schoolteacher’s feelings about the “Great War” became
unmistakably clear.
This
startled me, but not as much as my growing realization, as I thought back over
his novels, just how obsessed and troubled Hilton was by the First World War.
We associate other British writers with the conflict—notably Ford Maddox Ford,
Wilfred Owen, Rupert Brooke, Edmund Blunden, and Robert Graves. But incredibly,
this novelist long derided as middlebrow returned to this theme more
insistently than all of them, even though, as someone just too young to fight when the guns quieted at last, he never saw a minute of conflict.
Two
pieces of juvenilia written during Hilton’s schooldays were about the “Great
War”—not a surprise, as it was still raging at that point. But he came back to
it, again and again, not only as he achieved success in the 1930s but even later
his life, in such other books as:
*Lost Horizon: When a plane carrying diplomat
Hugh Conway crashes in Tibet, he finds healing for the emotional wounds he incurred
in the trenches of France in Shangri-La, a remote land whose inhabitants
study, enjoy inner peace and thrive with unprecedented longevity.
*Random Harvest: WWI veteran Charles
Rainier enters into a marriage having no memory of the two missing years when he
went MIA—until sounds of the first bombs of WWII bring back the sensation of
the trench warfare and subsequent life he endured.
*We Are Not Alone: The romance between a British rural doctor
and a German woman is shattered at the start of WWI.
Most
readers will remember Goodbye, Mr. Chips as
a valentine to teaching, the profession of his father (and mother, before her
marriage). There was “was no single schoolmaster I ever knew who was entirely
Mr. Chips,” he explained in a memoir, though several “achieved that best reward
of a well-spent life—to grow old beloved.” One, he acknowledged, was his
father; another, many feel, was W.H. Balgarnie, his classics master, who taught
for over 50 years at The Leys public school in Cambridge.
Chips’
unusual midlife love story with a vivacious younger beauty, who opens his
emotional horizons before she dies tragically in childbirth, furnishes a
sentimental overlay to what is, at heart, a searing critique of a war that
blighted a generation. Reading at Sunday chapel the list of former students
(and, in one memorable case, a German teacher who had returned home to fight
for the Fatherland) who died in WWI often moves him to tears, and his wry
comments—about Officer Training, the food-rationing system, anti-air-raid
blinds on windows, bayonet practice carried on near the cricket pavilion—lead to
schoolboys’ perception that he is “pre-war.”
Hilton’s
focus on the impact of the war on the homefront highlighted the centrality of public
schools in molding the British military—and, indeed, the obedience to hierarchy
that sustained the British Empire for over a century. A popular tradition
attributed to the Duke of Wellington the statement that “The battle of Waterloo
was won on the playing fields of Eton.” Though that quote is likely apocryphal,
it has this element of truth: public schools such as Eton, Harrow and Rugby
had, by the 1870s—the start of Chips’ tenure at Brookfield—developed a set of
traditions, rituals and unwritten codes—the same practices that instilled esprit
de corps for all who bore arms for the monarch of Britain.
More
important, the British public schools had created an elaborate hierarchy—not just
of headmasters and teachers, but of prefects (students given limited power
outside the classroom over other pupils) and “fags” (in its original context,
younger students required to act as personal servants to the most senior boys).
All of this was regarded as preparation for an all-male military order that
survived on discipline, loyalty and knowledge of where one stood in the command
structure.
The
impact of WWI on all of this was immense. It wasn’t just that nine million British
men went off to war, nearly a million never returned, and hundreds of thousands
more were left with physical and psychic wounds that insufficiently healed.
Many of the casualties were in the officer corps, who could have been expected
to play a role in their nation’s political and military affairs had they survived.
Moreover, cross-class experiences in the trenches went a long way toward
dissolving the barriers of privilege that had existed before, and working-class
males and women (who had done much to sustain the homefront) became powerful. The
politics of deference bred in public schools such as Brookfield might not have
been over yet, but they had received a powerful body blow.
Chips’
liberal, much-loved wife Kathie is anticipating this future—and speaking for
the author—when she urges her husband to support soccer games between the school
and boys from a mission in East London:
“England
isn't always going to be divided into officers and 'other ranks.' And those Poplar
boys are just as important—to England —as Brookfield is. You've got to have
them here, Chips. You can't satisfy your conscience by writing a cheque for a
few guineas and keeping them at arm's length. Besides, they're proud of
Brookfield - just as you are. Years hence, maybe, boys of that sort will be
coming here - a few of then, at any rate. Why not? Why ever not? Chips, dear,
remember this is eighteen ninety seven - not sixty seven, when you were up at
Cambridge. You got your ideas well stuck in those days, and good ideas they
were too, a lot of them. But a few--just a few, Chips --want unsticking."
Goodbye, Mr. Chips chronicles
how the public schools—and the British sociopolitical order they represented—became
“unstuck” because of the war.
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