In adapting a favorite short story, “The Nose,” into his first opera, Dmitri Shostakovich (pictured) may have believed
that there was no way that the absurdist tale by Nikolai Gogol that had drawn unwanted scrutiny from pettifogging
imperial bureaucrats would suffer the same fate at the hands of pettifogging Communist
bureaucrats. But he was spectacularly wrong.
Only 16 performances after its January 18, 1930
premiere, the opera was withdrawn from circulation and would not be performed
again until 1974, only a year before the composer’s death. It was the start of
a decades-long campaign in which the Soviet regime alternated hailing Shostakovich
as the epitome of the creative artist with harassing and humiliating him.
In a way, you can’t blame Shostakovich for finding
Gogol (1809-52) irresistible. The Ukrainian-born fiction writer and playwright
was notable for “his verve, his exuberance, his linguistic intensity and skill,
his great density and texture, his distorted vision of a world he felt destined
for hell,” according to literary critic, editor, and translator Leonard J. Kent.
Reading “The Nose” nearly a century after
publication, the composer couldn’t help but be drawn to this almost Kafkaesque
tale of radical transformation: a nose that, after being accidentally cut off a
Russian bureaucrat by an inebriated barber, begins to parade haughtily all over
St. Petersburg.
Just as the twentysomething Gogol experimented with
genre in such a way that he might be considered a forerunner of magical
realism, so the twentysomething Shostakovich began to put to use the modernist
style in music then taking root on the Continent and even being applied by the
leading composers in the USSR, including Serge Prokofiev, Aram Khachaturian,
and Nicolai Myaskovsky.
In “Why The
Nose?”, an explanation of his choice of this material that was distributed
with the opera’s libretto, Shostakovich pointed out that Gogol’s short story
satirized the era of Czar Nicholas I. Even with a justification such as this
that would surely be viewed favorably by the new Soviet regime, the composer
must have worried that officials inspecting his play for suspected flaws might
find too much levity in the piece: “I wish to add that the music does not
deliberately have the character of parody,” he wrote.
Even before its first performance, however, The Nose elicited disturbing reactions.
One Soviet composer noted ominously that it had “strayed from the main road of
Soviet art.” Just as devastating, it was deemed to have fallen short of the
ideal of “socialist realism” beginning to cause deep dismay among Soviet
artists.
As Joseph Stalin consolidated his absolute hold on
power in the late 1920s, the brief opening allowed to Shostakovich and other
musicians, artists, and writers under Lenin’s cultural commissar, the
theater-loving Anatoly Lunarcharksy, closed. From now on, art could not depict,
with any honesty, the eternal problems facing ordinary men and women. Instead,
the intent of art would be nothing more or less than the exaltation of a new
man, the Soviet worker, and the new Soviet state.
Despite general approval by Soviet workers that the
state was ostensibly trying to serve, The
Nose caused enough of an adverse reaction that Shostakovich asked that it
be withdrawn from circulation. Yet he was not yet done with opera as a form.
Four years later, he came out with Lady
Macbeth of Mtsensk District, which this time achieved great success in
Leningrad, Moscow and even abroad. All was looking up for him in November 1935,
when he could write: “Today is the happiest day of my life: I saw and heard
Stalin.”
The irony, so apparent in retrospect, about being “pleased”
to meet one of the greatest world perpetrators of terror and mass murder only
deepens when one learns what happened a mere two months after the composer
wrote that. The Soviet dictator was so displeased by a performance
of Lady Macbeth that he stalked out
after the first act, incensed by what he regarded, in an eerie echo of the Nazi
regime’s attitude toward modern art, as its “degenerate” nature.
Stalin’s subsequent edict on Soviet opera, issued shortly
afterward, pointed composers and musicians even more emphatically in a state-sanctioned
direction: opera must have a socialist
theme; it had to be based on Russian folksongs and avoid dissonance; and it
needed a happy ending.
Even more decisively than with The Nose, Soviet commentators rushed to please their
critic-in-chief by denouncing Shostakovich. As classical music blogger Boris Giltburg has pointed out, after more than
170 performances of the piece in Moscow and Leningrad, the regime’s newspaper, Pravda, blasted Lady Macbeth for its “deliberate dissonance,” “confused stream of
sound,” and “the coarsest kind of naturalism.” Nobody could have believed that
the anonymous editorial did not take its cue from Stalin’s walkout a mere two
days before.
The implications of official disapproval of the composer
were potentially far-ranging: loss of his job, performance venues, music
publishers, home, car, dacha—and even freedom, if he were jailed.
In his account of the Hollywood blacklists of the
1950s, Naming Names, Victor Navasky
labeled Congressional hearings that featured the testimony of informers
“degradation ceremonies.” But the term might be even more appropriately applied
to meetings involving the creative class in the Stalinist U.S.S.R.
Victor Seroff’s 1943 biography of the composer notes that even Ivan
Sollertinsky, the composer’s best friend, reversed his earlier praise of The Nose, while linking Shostakovich
with the already out-of-favor director-producer-actor Vsevolod Meyerhold. (The
ploy didn’t work: Meyerhold was executed in 1940 on spurious espionage charges,
and while Soviet media claimed in 1944 that Sollertinsky died of heart disease,
rumors circulated that he was murdered on orders of the NKVD, the Soviet secret police.)
Shostakovich retreated. He got back into Stalin’s
good graces in 1937 with his Fifth
Symphony, and during World War II provided visual support of the regime by
posing as a firefighter protecting the homeland. But he never wrote another
opera. He—and others in the creative class—had absorbed the government’s
lesson, noted critic Harold C. Schonberg: “Even the best composers of the
Soviet Union — Prokofiev and Shostakovich — were reduced to turning out pallid
and uncontroversial scores of artistic inconsequence—the musical equivalent of
the agriculture paintings that the artists were turning out.”
While the demise of Stalin in 1953 led to a gradual warming
toward Shostakovich, he continued to tack and shift with each change in his
masters. In 1973, two years before his death, he dismayed Soviet dissidents by
joining with 11 other composers and musicologists in denouncing Andrei D.
Sakharov.
In his epic 2003 history, The Lives and Times of the Great Composers, Michael Steen framed the debate about
Shostakovich that has raged in the West ever since the composer turned his
admiration of Gogol into art: “Was he just a puppet swinging on a string, whose
limbs had to be supple, or else he would be put in the rubbish bin? Or was a
member of the cast, a supporting actor who knew that his survival required him
to play to perfection the part to which he was assigned?”
No comments:
Post a Comment